P. 55 The Ulster Scots, or Scots-Irish, among other collectives, had turned the world inside out for decades… this group’s re-emigration is significant, because it confirms the choice to relocate as a political tradition. Between 1718 and 1775, more than 100,000 men and women migrated from Ulster to the North American colonies, in the largest such movement in the 18th century… Why did they leave the Old World. Many feared that a ‘counterrevolution’, a political upheavel that would undo the Glorious Revolution, was inevitable – they felt that their privilege as Protestants ion Ireland would be threatened… the expansion of linen manufacturing in Ireland had brought opportunity, but it also brough exposure to market downturns. Many Scots-Irish families had lost whatever security they once held, .. new labour practives were challenging the traditional roles of male householders… The Ulster Scots were not the poorest in Ulster, but they were under pressure during economic downturns. They felt that they could only retain their position by moving out… Bernard Bailyn has focused on the “distressed” Yorkshire “countryfolk” who faces “an uncertain economic future, many in a high state of religious agitation and eader to withdraw into a separate community of like-minded worshippers. Often affected by Methodist propaganda, they had a passionate desire to “draw apart from a corrupt and abusive world and to create a refuge for themselves and their community on the far margins of the British periphery. The promotional material for emigration to America insisted on the absence of feudal obligations… a desire to avoid landlords was more and more paralleled by a despire also to escape markets (a very demanding landlord indeed). On settler noted with pride that in America there “was no need for market days since each farm did its own slaughtering and raised most of what it consumed”.

P. 67 “as Cuba burned during the first war of independence, the colonial authorities were imagining a resettled order through displacement. An official scheme in 1871 proposed to import between 40,000 and 50,000 German immigrants to the island. Following a similar logic, and facing revolution during the second war of independence, they thought of displacing enture populations to strategic locations under a policy of ‘reconcentration’. These were the first concentration camps. But cramming the countryside with German settlers or emptying it entirely of unmanageable populations were two sides of the same coin. Displacement was still understood as an antidote to revolution.”

P. 70 “White in Britain Paine was a revolutionary, in America he was not. He chose America, arguing for its independence and for a repudiation of aristocratic and monarchic privileges … Radical egalisatrianims was his stance in one location but defence of property rights characterised his posture in another. Displacement had transformed his politics. Much later, in Agrarian Justice (1797), Paine suggested that 15 pounds be paid to every person on turning 21: a social entitlement that would have ensured the establisjhment of a yeoman republic of independent landowners. It was a proposal very similar to that found in Harrington’s Oceana, a proposal also evoked in Lane’s later “commonhold”.

P. 75 Wakefield believed that capitalism tended to produce the conditions for its own demise … Pauperisation was not the only problem: the sons of the lesser gentry were finding no career opportunities, and small capitalists were downwardly mobile – he would have known, as he was one of them. This was the social revolution that most concerned Wakefield, because, if the conditions of the labouring poor would necessarily deteriorate before they could improve, an imminent revolutionary crisis was inevitable. “A ruined man is a dangerous citizen,” Wakefield sourly noted, before adding “there are at all times in this country more people who have been ruined than in any other country.”

P. 88 Caroline Chishom’s activism for women’s emigration – she published tThe ABC of Colonisation in 1850 – also aimed to turn the world inside out. Chisholm consistently and influentially advocated for the sponsored emigration of “respectable” poor farmers and especially single women. The latter would enable colonial fathers of working-class families to become respectable manly breadwinners. Her insight was that it is appropriate reproduction that turns the world inside out and she called for the systematic “population” of Australia, which she saw as “the future England of our Southern Hemisphere”. 

P. 99 This synthesis had important gendered implications. Jefferson assumed that a farmer knew what was best for his fam, and that a father knew what was best for his family … Jeffersonianism represented the “apotheoiss of the republican father and head of the household”.

P. 106 “The Market Revolution was revolutionary indeed. Predicated on other revolutions – including the transport, legal and industrial revolutions – and on unprecedented economic development and a commercial boom, initially in wheat and cotton, it prompted many worlds turned inside out. Charles Sellers set the scene of ongoing culture wars between opposinig subcultures. “Arminiam” market contronted Aanitnomian” land … The market fostered individualism and competitive pursuit of wealth by open-ended production of commodity value that could be accumulated as money. But rural production of use values stopped once bodies were shelter and clothed and bellies provided for. Surplus produce had no abstract or money value and wealth could not be accumulated. Therefor the subsistence culture fosted family obligation, communal cooperation and reproduction over generations of a modest comfort”. 

“Banks, paper money and ‘money changers’ were all perceived as part of the market revolution from which the settlers were escaping in the first place.”

P. 298 “The political tradtions that aim to turn the world inside out constitute an anti-revolutionary sensibility that relies on three fantasies: perpetual household production, where capitalism never begins; perpetual primitive accumulation, where capitalism permanently remains in its initial stage, and where social contradictions are always deferred; and in the promise of political community somewhere else – the promise of a political community that is born without the need of violence or revolution. The first two fantasies are found to remain unfulfilled – contradictions are displaced too, sometimes quite rapidly. The spatial fix is at best a temporary solution. The first fantasy rests on a fundamental exclusion – a move that is inevitably and often spectacularly bio;lent. Setting up a polity against someone – in the case of settler colonialism, against indigenous peoples – is not like setting up a polity without them: the settler colonial polity cannot be amended by inclusion, because it is foundationally violent and dispossessory. If this exlusion is to be addressed, the settler colonial poultry must be dissolved, which is a … revolution. The world turned inside out cannot keep its promises.”

P. 22 Abyssal plains are not simply endless flat tracks of mud.  They are intercepted by undulating hills And winding valleys,  burping mud volcanoes and fizzing jacuzzis of methane bubbles;  and dusted across the plains  stand thousands of tall volcanoes,  active and inactive.  cone-shaped or flat-topped they were worn away by waves  in past times when they reached the sea surface.  Known as seamounts,  these isolated peaks  are distinct from the ranges of mid-ocean ridges,  although they can form nearby.  the biggest mounts are generally located in the  central regions of tectonic plates,  in places where chambers of molten magma  bubble up in hotspots  through the oceanic crust.  is tectonic plates slide over these hotspots,  chains of seamounts form one after another,  like cakes being made on a factory conveyor belt. 

Journey across the abyssal plain,  skirting the seamounts and facing away from a mid-ocean ridge,  and you will pass over gradually older and older sea bed  until eventually you reach the brink of the very deepest parts of the ocean.  tectonic plates Collide at subduction zones,  with one plate gets  thrust under another.  here, as old seafloor is dragged down into the Earth’s molten interior,  to be melted and recycled,  oceanic trenches are formed,  reaching to depths of 6000 meters and more.  principally formed from 27 trenches worldwide,  this is the hadal Zone,  named after Hades the ancient Greek god of the underworld

P. 26  many consider it likely that water was imported from the outer reaches of the solar system  when icy comets bombarded  the early Earth.  traces of water detected in dust particles from a peanut shaped  stony asteroid called Itokawa  indicated that half of Earth’s water supply may have come from this common form of space rock.   Earth may also have come pre-loaded  with some of its own primordial water,  bodged deep within rocks that coalesced  and formed the planet  4.55 billion years ago…  subsequently,   is Earth cooled,  the water vapour condensed,  clouds formed,  and it started to rain –  perhaps as early as 4.4 billion years ago –  beginning to form the oceans.  the ancient history of the oceans is difficult to tell  because the geological record is continually wiped clean.  oceanic crust is thin young and short-lived,  compared to the thick, primeval continents floating above the  rest.

P. 30 a total tally of the number of  deep sea species is,  of course,  a Long Way Out of Reach  given the deep’s  vast size,   and systematic surveys have revealed glimpses of what is still to be found.  in nineteen eighty-four,  two American  scientists…  used a box corer,   a tool like a giant cookie,  to extract chunks of mud from the Deep seabed  off the coasts of New Jersey and Delaware,  between 1500 and 2500  metres down.  carefully sifting through the mud and picking out every tiny living thing –  every worm crustaceans starfish sea cucumber clam and Snail –  they identified 798 species,  over half of the new to science.  based on an average of 3 new species per 2.5 sq km of seabed…  the abyssal planes  across the planet could be home to 30 million species.  the duo acknowledge that some regions of the deep may support a lower density of Species,   so they dialled down their estimate to a more cautious 10 million

in 2019 a team of 17  lead scientists  published the results of a three-year survey of the Pacific in an area of deep sea bigger than the state of California,  involving hundreds of hours of died time using remote operated submersibles.  in all,   they photographed 347000 animals,  and only one in five of them  were known species. …  the diversity of life is prolific in the Deep,  driving the shallow familiar seas –  and maybe even life on land.

P. 56 “A global moratorium on commercial whaling came into force in 1986, but before then, in the 20th century alone, hunters killed 2.9 million whales. Of these, 761,523 were recorded as sperm whales … the number of living sperm whales … roughly 366,000. In the 20th century, humans killed more than twice the number of sperm whales that remain alive today.”

P. 144 “When scientist sequenced the entire genome of the Mariana snailfish. They found it has multiple copies of genes that adjust the chemical makeup of its cell membranes, adding more unsaturated fatty acides, which keeps them pliant and less likely to crack – more like a layer of olive oil than butter – so cells don’t burst under pressure. A mutation in a gene that normally regulates how developing bones are hardened and mineralised leaves Mariana snailfish with bendable skeletons made of cartilage (like sharks), which seem to be more pressure-tolerant than hard, fragile bones.”

P. 145 The most common inhabitants of trenches are scavenging crustaceans called amphipods. They are supremely unfussy eaters and will devour anything that falls into a trench. Amphipods have been seen at the very bottom of the Mariana Trench, where the pressure is so high it should in theory dissolve the calcium carbonate in their exoskeletons. In 2019, researchers at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology discovered that amphipods cover themselves in alumnium gel (they consume metallic compounds from deep-sea muds to creat the gel) which prevents their shells from melting away. Snailfish take advantage of the crustacean abundance in the trenches and have adapted to a diet made up almost entirely of amphipods.”

p. 161  snowfall in the deep –  formally known as the biological carbon pump –   varies across space and time.  spring Blooms of phytoplankton in the North Atlantic are triggered by warming seas and create great pulses of sinking carbon.   snowdrifts build-up on seamounts and abyssal Hills.  flurries of snow are channelled downwards by underwater  canyons.  in 2014/2015,  two massive phytoplankton blooms were detected in the Southern Ocean,  in a remote region that is normally a planktonic desert,  deprived of the vital nutrient iron. ( Continental  shelves and atmospheric dust blowing off land  are typical sources of iron for the oceans.)  Analysis of water samples revealed the iron  had welled up  from nearby  deep sea vents,  revealing for the first time the role that hydrothermalism can play in boosting the carbon pump

p. 162  sperm whales offer a similar service of fertilising the surface by bringing up iron from Down Below.  while diving in the Twilight and midnight zones,  all the whales non-essential bodily functions shut down;  there’s no digestion,  and they defecate only at the sea surface.  when they come up to breathe and void their bowels,  what comes out is a floating iron-rich slick of liquid faeces,  an ideal phytoplankton fertilizer.  every year,  sperm whales around Antarctica approximately 50 tons of iron from the Deep,  triggering phytoplankton blooms.  the resulting export of carbon from the atmosphere,  annually around  400000 tonnes,  offsets the carbon dioxide the whales exhale,   making them a net carbon sink,  although now on a much smaller scale than they once were.  before industrial whaling,  abundant Antarctic sperm whales fertilised enough  phytoplankton  to remove around 2 million of carbon  from the atmosphere every year,  equivalent to the annual carbon emissions the city of Washington DC